Publications

During the twentieth century, corporate archives, of which bank archives are a part, have developed as a sector in their own right within the archival world. Those of credit institutions and banks are not the archives of just any company, since they have constantly accompanied the economic, social and cultural development of Italy and, with reference to the object of this research, of San Marino. There is now an increasingly nourished and consolidated tradition of studies that, by proposing the territorial dimension as a key to understanding long-term credit dynamics, has highlighted some peculiarities of local banking systems, with the result of contributing to a more articulated vision of the process through which the overall economic banking system was structured. The study of the sources for the history of credit in San Marino fits into this context. The history of the banks of San Marino, made possible through their historical archives, goes beyond the aspects of a purely credit story to present itself, integrated with other documents, as an interesting problematic node relating to the history of the ruling classes throughout the life of the banks, but also as a privileged point of view for economic history.

During the modern age, welfare mechanisms, under the pressure of increasingly widespread and visible poverty, undergo profound transformations. From private and episodic assistance, based on charity, managed by corporations, brotherhoods, hospices and religious orders, we move to more stable and organic forms of intervention, as a result of a public and secular commitment by city government bodies and the first state apparatuses. The outcome of this process is the birth, between the 19th and 20th centuries, of the modern welfare state, which implies the growing assumption of all responsibility towards the poor and needy by public bodies.

The history of fascism in the Republic of San Marino is a case study that raises the question, somewhat paradoxically, about the actual fascist nature of Sammarinese fascism. The volume has attempted to answer the question by taking into account the main results acquired in the historiographical debate on Italian fascism, which constitutes the model according to which the particularity of the Sammarinese case can be measured. To make this comparison, the research has used documents that have been unused or unpublished to date. Through the cross-use of documents from several public archives, both Italian and Sammarinese, it has been possible to decipher in greater detail some of the fundamental moments of republican history between the two wars.

The volume outlines the history of the Società Unione e Mutuo Soccorso di San Marino from its origins, which date back to 1874 and 1876, to the XNUMXs. Three factors characterize its centuries-old history: the constant reference to harmony and brotherhood; the ability of the association to be at the center of the political and economic life of the Republic, despite its overlap with other welfare and social security institutions; the continuous and fruitful connection with the Cassa di Risparmio. In the narrative plot of the volume, the chronological scans are charged with precise meanings, corresponding to the different phases of the history of the association.

On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of national unification, the volume rethinks the relations between the Republic of San Marino and Italy in the light of the history and memories of the Risorgimento. This is done through a sort of “reciprocity of glances”, in a perspective that is not only national, trying to make the history of historiography dialogue with the social and cultural representations of the myth of the Risorgimento, from the second half of the nineteenth century to the whole twentieth century. For Italy, making a social and cultural history of the political myth of the Italian Risorgimento that measures the reception of the national discourse in the places of public life; ideologies and feelings, projects and achievements, political languages ​​and social practices, symbols and political rituals of representations in public space are held together. For the history of the Republic of San Marino, with some biographers and examples and the “lived lives”, the different ways of combining the instances of freedom of the Italian Risorgimento with the republican ideal of community self-government emerge. The volume therefore questions the “fortune” as well as the plural languages ​​of the Risorgimento in the complex relationship between the construction of cultural identities and the public use of history.

The volume is composed of two research projects: in the first, Problemi annonari e privative a San Marino in età moderna, conducted on various types of unpublished sources, Maria Ciotti examines some of the main institutions of the Republic with the aim of highlighting through which government bodies economic policy and the management of public affairs were implemented. The problem of the supply of basic necessities that grips the Sammarinese economy in the modern age, highlights a rather deficient framework, imposed by a territorial reality poor in terms of resources and by a productive context largely based on a subsistence economy. However, due to the dense network of relations and exchanges that it determines, it confirms the high degree of openness of the Republic, anything but "free" from need, towards the surrounding realities.

What will be the future of tourism for small villages and for the very special village that is the city-state of San Marino? The volume, edited by Patrizia Battilani and Stefano Pivato, seeks an answer to this question by involving scholars from different disciplines, from economic and contemporary historians to geographers, sociologists and mass media experts. Thus emerges the portrait of a sector, tourism, which in the last fifty years has been crossed by three major changes: the overcoming of the dichotomy between residential city and holiday city, the broadening of the definition of heritage, the emergence of the consumption of emotions. In the new context, the map of tourist distinctions has been partly redrawn and some peripheral territories have conquered a leading position.

The theme of kinship has seen, in recent years, a strong revival of interest not only by historians and anthropologists, but also by demographers, sociologists and geneticists, almost as if to echo a growing social demand on the problems of family, social bond or identity. This work aims to examine modern Sammarinese society through the lens of kinship. Mobility and social dynamics, marriage practices, instability and consolidation of the family name, its methods of transmission and survival, or even the phenomenon of migration, are the main themes addressed here, to continue on the path already traced by the studies carried out so far within the Sammarinese Collection of Historical Studies.

From the nineteenth century to the present day, to three different “seasonni” tourist sites have corresponded to just as many images of the Titan, punctually documented by local guides. From the unreachable and erroneously described San Marino of the mid-19th century century, passing through that one “Carducciana” of the first half of the twentieth century until today's one, in which a' unpublished representation of the averagesvale corresponds to the needs of mass tourism, this research si proposes to reconstruct the numerous elements of rupture and the few continuities and distinguishithey are the evoluction of the imagination of the oldest Republic in the world.

In the world of politics, movements and parties have competed for the stage through a changing language of colors, often appropriating the chromatic symbols of their adversaries to discredit their meaning or change their sign. That language would become an essential part of every action aimed at influencing public opinion and building shares of political and electoral consensus. Colors, in fact, refer to the representation of identities and their perception, generating a short circuit of emotions and passions. The history of colors tells us about the transformations of the languages ​​and representations of politics in today's society of mass media and consumption. The Reds and the Blacks, the Whites and the Blues, have not always been those we know today. Colors, moreover, identify a privileged research ground for the relationships between men and women (and, therefore, about the use of the color pink, but not only).

Lodovico Zuccolo (Faenza 1568 – Bologna? 1630) published Il Belluzzi, or the Happy City in his Dialogues published in Venice in 1625, and the work is a very significant testimony to the participation with which he experienced the turbulent events of the devolution of the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States, an event that seemed to threaten the autonomy of San Marino. Considered by historical critics as a sort of idyllic exaltation of the rustic municipality, and for this reason always taken as a founding text of the myth of the small community, the dialogue remains, in reality, the refined fruit of the reflection of one of the most important political thinkers of the Italian seventeenth century, who – dealing now with reasons of state, now with utopia, now exalting the Venetian political system in another dialogue, Il Molino – had always directed his research towards understanding “the reasons of government”.

Antonio Ganganelli of Santarcangelo, in 1769 he became Pope Clement XIV. On May 25, the Prince's Council, convened in an extraordinary session, ordered that "demonstrations of joy be made for the exaltation of Cardinal Ganganelli, our fellow citizen". A man of great culture and equal humanity, he is remembered above all for the decree he signed in the year of our Lord 1773, with which the (powerful) "Society of Jesus" was abolished. However, he also dealt with San Marino when he began the reconnaissance of the territorial borders of the papal possessions. His predecessors had already hypothesized and hoped for this operation without ever actually starting it. Clement XIV not only completed it but conducted it using modern surveying and cartographic techniques.

Scientific meteorology established itself in Europe between the 1657th and 1667th centuries. Researchers and scientists from the Accademia del Cimento, active in Florence from 1781 to 1792, promoted and supported by the Medici, from the Royal Society of London, from the Academy of the Institute of Sciences of Bologna, from the Palatina Meteorological Society, which published the Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae in Mannheim from XNUMX to XNUMX, experimented and improved barometers, thermometers, hygrometers, anemoscopes, and more, published multi-year series of observations, and created strong networks of dozens of stations installed in various locations on the continent.

This 22nd Notebook of the Historical Studies Series of the Sammarinese Centre for Historical Studies consists of four studies by F. Pirani, M. Moroni, L. Rossi, T. Bernardi.

The Sammarinese Centre for Historical Studies was founded in 1992 within the Department of History of the University of San Marino. It was entrusted to Prof. Sergio Anselmi, who is also its current director. It has published 20 volumes (some collective, some monographic) plus a notebook with an index of anthroponyms and toponyms. Overall, it is 3670 pages on the history of a “microstate” that has its roots in the Middle Ages. The development of the Sammarinese territory, its political and economic organization, its role as a “middle ground” between the sea and the mountains, its relations with Italy, the way of expressing itself of a culture that has been able to distinguish itself in the large geographical area located between Romagna, Tuscany, Marche, religious life, the development of the bourgeoisie, crime, the structure of land ownership, small local manufacturing, the banking system, etc. have been studied in depth.

The research aims to bring out the complex network of ways in which, between the late Middle Ages and the end of the modern age, in an area of ​​particular interest such as that of San Marino, marked by strong geo-environmental and political specificity, natural resources and social actors interact and, by interacting, build the environment. In the first part of the work, the author analyses the “elementary” resources – wood, water, soil – from a quantitative (availability in relation to demographic ceilings, distribution on the territory and among the various classes) and qualitative (level of conservation and degradation) perspective, trying to show their changes in the long term in relation to the methods of exploitation, the technologies of use as well as the more or less direct and conscious outcomes on the balances of demand and production of human groups.

In the late Middle Ages, fundamental choices were made in San Marino that would influence and shape the socioeconomic structure and territorial organization in the following centuries. During the fifteenth century, in particular, castrum and marcatale experienced rapid development in the three key sectors of the economy: trade, credit and manufacturing. The interests and actions of local operators did not, however, stop at the borders of the territory: also protagonists of that "commercial revolution" that matured within a dense network of relationships and exchanges, some merchant-entrepreneurs redesigned the economic and urban face of medieval San Marino, opened warehouses and apothecaries and projected themselves outwards, seizing the opportunities offered by its inclusion in an economically active area.

With the term of instructionzpopular ion, according to un precise pedagogical address, si indicated il everyone's right to training basic. In the Republic of San Marino these concepts wereno introduced by teacher Gino Giacomini, called to to direct and a reorder the scuole elementer, who complained often la trascurheight in which it was held the scUOLa primary, convinto that the basic education of the boys apartnenti a social strata always more vasti it had to be one of the concrete objectives of each State.

This notebook – n. 18 ofllin a published series dal CSSS - è consisting of four researches carried out from an group di scholars pertaining to the Center of Historical Studies of the University of San Marine.

Penalized by historical research, women represent a "silent group", marginalized and evanescent figures who emerge into the light of history only if touched by the fortune of belonging to a rich and powerful family, if predestined to sainthood or fame as artists and courtesans: few names and even fewer faces. Totally absent, or almost, true Disappeared of history, walled up alive in their illiteracy, are instead the women of the people, condemned to leave no trace of themselves.

This notebook collects the Acts of the Seminar, organized from Center for Historical Studies Sammarinese, directed by Sergio Anselmi, il 25-May 26, 1995. Purpose of the Seminary, to whose definitiontive realization has arrived at through discussions between specialists e il involvement di young historians and archivists, was that of re-proposing to your attention of historiography and especially of the new generations lo studio of the matrix sources fiscal about all'medieval age. In effects, after phase of seconomic-legal school and after the broad ones debates of the anni '50s and '60s, who had seen da part of numerous and qualified scholars – equipped with training storico-economic – l' use with sources fisdrops, first of all land registers, for the purpose of reconstructing the accumulation e of the inseparable relationship between economics and politics, the last thirty years si è characterized by one low interest in investigations on age medieval e, within this historical phase, for a particolare carelessness for le analysis concerning la taxation.

in this five centuries that they range from decades immediatemind subsequent ones athe pandemic of pesblack tea, which between 1348 e 135 1 falcidia in Europe approximately un third of the inhabitants , up to the years centrals dell'nineteenth century (first census official ), in which si delinea la transition towards assets demographyfici modern, la population of the territory sammarinese, and ha always knew how to grasp the benefits arising from from being "la key of Montefeltro for Romagna" according to the words of the captain regent Palamede Malpeli, has a trend ssimilar to that with central areas of the Italian peninsula - heavymind conditioned, for all the'atold regime, from economic and health emergencies – cokeeping however peculiaritiesà of relief

Il volume consists of two research. In the first, La property ferrird of the to sammarinesi in legaziopapal (14th-10th/10th centuries), Girolamo Allegretti detects like the Sammarinese and papal land registers of before purchasing, half dell 'Nineteenth century monster and i citizens of the small Republic, over 6000 hectares of mediocre agricultural land of their territory, they cans3000 are sitting, e of the best lands, in area pontifical. È a expansion, without reciprocal characterscity, already clearly outlined in the 14th century, producer of a bitter dispute, as nel /// of drylare dispute with Verucchio, of as siscopoured (su aa base of bitterness bell towersstica (Ethics)) interests political-jurisdictional, annonaries , tax and patrimonials.

Questo index of anthroponyms and toponyms present in the first ten volumes of the Sammarin Historical Studies Centeresi, published between il February 1993 and April 1995, aims to characterize itself as a useful tool for the search for immediate references to tesyou. It è essential for anyone wishing to delve into the history of familiesglies and people, o a that of places (rural houses, villas, castles, etc. ), for himselfgto use them over time, which – when è possibile – means between the early Middle Ages and contemporary times. Following the index are the summaries in Englishgua Italian and English of the ten volumes released so far .

For many centuries, agriculture has been the main resource of the inhabitants of San Marino and the'atsurrounding area: emphyteusis and sharecropping were the prevalent forms of land management,'one slowly being resolved, the other in progresssaffirmation, until its definitive prevalence during the nineteenth century.

This multi-handed miscellany addresses some aspects of Sammarinese history in contemporary times, so yes must say, too self, in fact, the investigation has its roots in the post-unification period and starts from there. Almost a hundred years of efforts to get out of the municipality, even if republican in times of monarchy, and from the heavy tutelage of the Italian State, pass before us, “infa"stidito" for the to survive of an enclave longedperson willing to treat as equals.

Si gather in this notebook two research which, in the program set out by the Centro di Studi Storici Sammarinesi and in the range of interests of its members, are placed at the root of the series of studies dedicated to the history of the territory and local society. They do not intend to represent a safe and definitive landing of knowledge, but a preliminary contact with multiple problems and situations that affect the San Marino area in the time span between the Roman age and the early Middle Ages, deliberately not exceeding the limit of the 10th century.

In the morninggo ci si it's accostati a SanMarinat tillminati dal fascino of a mythochandncorto todayi it's forte nell'immaginarior collectsvo: il witho della "chereà felithere is", della piccola Republicblica "chinon seryou to alcuno" il witho della "libertà perpetuto" insomma. In questo libro, ininstead, ci sipone l'obiectsvo di cogliere the PRocess of formazione di "a terideorio lgoosele" and I knowpraall about recosto swindlee ipeculianew mhere it isnisI'm workingamento dell'echono sammarinThat one di aancient regime. In particolare, even theavorando su sources frammentarie e non sistematiche, si cerca di comprendere whatmand SanMarino ribait to garantire lhas a ussistenza ai suoi abitaNTI whatali siano imhere it isnismi integrativthe typescthe of thehas a uto echonomia.

The carrier of this study on the Republic of San Marino in the 19th century è the search for a balance interpretative between his obvious political-institutional peculiarities - and they make it .un famous and studied case, even a myth – ed il his fit into Italian reality. First the Papal State, then the Kingdom of Italy, represent for the Republic an unavoidable point of reference: not solo for relationships policies and mutually undertaken economic activities, but above all for il bond cultural and human that si realizes over time. In the 19th century the reference area change; San Marino lives negli fifties gel century a strong internal tension which translates a choice “Italian”, through which also le republican ruling classes , and” everything il fabric social of San Marino, they transform.

Gentlemen and villagers: these are them components of the ruling class Sammarinese, as well as the base social of a work di government mixed, felt as " democratic" for yours opening a all classes social, according to a meaning of democracy proper to a world ruralnobiliary that does reference atequality of families and this nell'access to the thing public. Moving dall analysis of the group leader, conducted attracto un constant comparison with themes and problems of the debate historiographical recently, this book recallsshe/she realizes the institutional profile e socioeconomic of communities in the long modern age.

The interest always more wide and current for le themetics about to the genesis and to the stangle of the territories local invites you to reconcilesconsider the role and la land ownership can perform in the process of training of consciousness territorial e in the definition of the relationships social inside of community local. The property in fact, it is given one part makes sure and acemourning il bond that locally link mens and territory, byanother inevitably ends to tie a more wires also the men among themselves, be that I participate of common condition of owners sia that of di essa have built power relations.

WhichsThis book collects the first works produced from Sammarine Historical Studies Centersi, cosheld in February 1992 within the Department of History of the University of San Marino. Si These are approach works due to the studiosthose who operate in the Cwithin. To them, in the course ofel 1993 Withwill carry out the appropriate integrations and messand finally, on the basis of the insights suggested by the further consprocessing of arch materialsvio, while new research hypotheses are being outlined.

This small volume contains the speeches given during the international seminar organised on 16 October 1992 by the Centro di Studi Storici Sammarinesi (Department of History, University of the Republic of San Marino) on the topic At the origins of local territories: a theme of renewed interest among the current demands for European continentality and questionable particularistic closures in defense of some identity to be safeguarded, but not to be emphasized beyond measure.

This small volume collects the texts of the speeches given during the seminar organized by the Centro di Studi Storici Sammarinesi (Department of History, University of the Republic of San Marino) on the theme of Rural Public Territories in Medieval Italy, held in the foyer of the Teatro Titano in San Marino on 18 December 1992.