Interventions to enhance executive functions in ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with multifactorial etiology, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms tend to appear during childhood and can persist into adulthood. A growing body of evidence suggests a close relationship between ADHD and impairments in executive functions (EF), a set of cognitive processes that include inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, problem solving, and planning.

In recent years, research has shown a growing interest in interventions aimed at strengthening EF, with the aim of promoting a reduction in the behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD and, consequently, better adaptation in school and social contexts.

The aim of this research is to provide the reader with an overview of some of the types of interventions currently attracting the interest of the scientific community, placing particular attention on studies that have highlighted significant improvements in certain executive functions.

Twelve articles were selected, evaluating the effectiveness of various interventions: computerized and game-based cognitive training, physical activity, combined training, mindfulness activities, and specific curricular programs for executive functions.

The results highlight significant improvements in EF, particularly in working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, and, in some cases, even a reduction in typical ADHD symptoms, producing significant positive effects on cognitive, behavioral, and relational levels.